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- Subject: FAQ: Artificial Intelligence Questions & Answers 1/6 [Monthly posting]
- Newsgroups: comp.ai,news.answers,comp.answers
- Summary: Frequently asked questions about AI
- Distribution: world
- Followup-To: poster
- Reply-To: mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu
- Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
-
- Archive-name: ai-faq/general/part1
- Last-Modified: Wed Sep 14 16:33:57 1994 by Mark Kantrowitz
- Version: 1.24
- Maintainer: Mark Kantrowitz <mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu>
- URL: http://www.cs.cmu.edu:8001/Web/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/ai_general/top.html
- Size: 38310 bytes, 1010 lines
-
- ;;; ****************************************************************
- ;;; Answers to Questions about Artificial Intelligence *************
- ;;; ****************************************************************
- ;;; Written by Mark Kantrowitz
- ;;; ai_1.faq
-
- If you think of questions that are appropriate for this FAQ, or would
- like to improve an answer, please send email to mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu.
-
- *** Copyright:
-
- Copyright (c) 1992-94 by Mark Kantrowitz. All rights reserved.
-
- This FAQ may be freely redistributed in its entirety without
- modification provided that this copyright notice is not removed. It
- may not be sold for profit or incorporated in commercial documents
- (e.g., published for sale on CD-ROM, floppy disks, books, magazines,
- or other print form) without the prior written permission of the
- copyright holder. Permission is expressly granted for this document
- to be made available for file transfer from installations offering
- unrestricted anonymous file transfer on the Internet.
-
- This article is provided AS IS without any express or implied warranty.
-
- *** Topics Covered:
-
- Part 1:
- [1-0] What is the purpose of this newsgroup?
- [1-1] History of AI?
- [1-2] Glossary of AI terms.
- [1-3] What are the top schools in AI?
- [1-4] How can I get the email address for Joe or Jill Researcher?
- [1-5] What are the rules for the game of "Life"?
- [1-6] What AI competitions exist?
- [1-7] Commercial AI products.
- [1-8] AI Job Postings
-
- Part 2 (AI-related Newsgroups and Mailing Lists):
- List of all known AI-related newsgroups, mailing lists, and
- electronic bulletin board systems.
-
- Part 3 (AI-related Associations and Journals):
- List of AI-related associations and journals, organized by subfield.
-
- Part 4 (Bibliography):
- - Bibliography of introductory texts, overviews and references
- - Addresses and phone numbers for major AI publishers
- - Finding conference proceedings
- - Finding PhD dissertations
-
- Part 5 (FTP Resources):
- [5-0] General Information about FTP Resources for AI
- [5-1] FTP Repositories
- [5-2a] FTP and Other Resources: Agents -- Planning
-
- Note: Question [5-2] (FTP and Other Resources) is split across parts 5 and 6.
-
- Part 6 (FTP Resources):
- [5-2b] FTP and Other Resources: Qualitative Reasoning -- Theorem Proving
- [6-1] AI Bibliographies available by FTP
- [6-2] AI Technical Reports available by FTP
- [6-3] Where can I get a machine readable dictionary, thesaurus, and
- other text corpora?
- [6-4] List of Smalltalk implementations.
- [6-5] AI-related CD-ROMs
- [6-6] World-Wide Web (WWW) Resources
-
- Search for [#] to get to question number # quickly.
-
- *** Recent changes:
-
- ;;; 1.22
- ;;; 14-JUL-94 mk Updated DTP entry in part 6.
- ;;; 20-JUL-94 mk Added PTF AI CD-ROM entry to [6-5].
- ;;; 21-JUL-94 mk Morgan Kaufmann Publishers has moved. Updated
- ;;; their entry in Part 4.
- ;;; 12-AUG-94 mk Added [1-8] AI Job Postings
- ;;;
- ;;; 1.23
- ;;; 16-AUG-94 mk Corrected WWW general AI page in [6-6].
- ;;; 24-AUG-94 mk Various updates to WWW resources in [6-6].
- ;;; 24-AUG-94 mk Added AI-NAT mailing list to part 2.
- ;;; 24-AUG-94 mk Added comp.ai.alife to part 2.
- ;;; 24-AUG-94 mk Added ANT to [5-2a] under Genetic Algorithms.
- ;;; 24-AUG-94 mk Added AsTeR to list of web resources (speech) in [6-6].
- ;;; 25-AUG-94 mk New LISTPROC for fuzzy-mail list in part 2.
- ;;; 25-AUG-94 mk Added AI-PREDOC and AI-POSTDOC lists to [1-8].
- ;;; 30-AUG-94 mk Added many AI Organizations to part 3. (Specificly, AI
- ;;; Organizations in a particular country.)
- ;;; 31-AUG-94 mk Added pointer to online History of AI timeline in [1-1].
- ;;; 31-AUG-94 mk Added review of Pratt's AI Intro to part 4.
- ;;;
- ;;; 1.24:
- ;;; 14-SEP-94 mk Updated IDEAL entry in [5-2a].
-
- *** Introduction:
-
- Certain questions and topics come up frequently in the various network
- discussion groups devoted to and related to Artificial Intelligence
- (AI). This file/article is an attempt to gather these questions and
- their answers into a convenient reference for AI researchers. It is
- posted on a monthly basis. The hope is that this will cut down on the
- user time and network bandwidth used to post, read and respond to the
- same questions over and over, as well as providing education by
- answering questions some readers may not even have thought to ask.
-
- The latest version of this FAQ is available via anonymous FTP from
- ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/pubs/faqs/ai/ [128.2.206.173]
- using username "anonymous" and password "name@host" (substitute your
- email address) or via AFS in the Andrew File System directory
- /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/pubs/faqs/ai/
- as the files ai_1.faq, ai_2.faq, ai_3.faq, ai_4.faq, ai_5.faq and ai_6.faq.
-
- You can also obtain a copy of the FAQ by sending a message to
- ai+query@cs.cmu.edu with
- Send AI FAQ
- in the message body.
-
- The FAQ postings are also archived in the periodic posting archive on
- rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/ai-faq/ [18.181.0.24]
- If you do not have anonymous ftp access, you can access the archive by
- mail server as well. Send an E-mail message to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu
- with "help" and "index" in the body on separate lines for more
- information.
-
- An automatically generated HTML version of the AI FAQ is accessible by
- WWW as part of the AI-related FAQs Mosaic page. The URL for this
- resource is
- http://www.cs.cmu.edu:8001/Web/Groups/AI/html/faqs/top.html
- The direct URL for the AI FAQ is
- http://www.cs.cmu.edu:8001/Web/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/ai_general/top.html
-
- If you need to cite the FAQ for some reason, use the following format:
- Mark Kantrowitz, "Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about
- Artificial Intelligence", comp.ai, <month>, <year>,
- ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/pubs/faqs/ai/ai_?.faq, mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-0] What is the purpose of this newsgroup?
-
- The newsgroup comp.ai exists for general discussion of topics related
- to Artificial Intelligence. For example, possible topics can
- include (but are not necessarily limited to):
- announcements of AI books and products
- discussion of AI programs and tools
- questions about AI techniques
- problems implementing an AI technique
- Postings should be of general interest to the AI community. See also
- part 2 of the FAQ for a list of other more specialized discussion lists.
-
- Every so often, somebody posts an inflammatory message, such as
- Will computers every really think?
- AI hasn't done anything worthwhile.
- These "religious" issues serve no real purpose other than to waste
- bandwidth. If you feel the urge to respond to such a post, please do
- so through a private e-mail message, or post redirecting follow-ups to
- comp.ai.philosophy.
-
- We've tried to minimize the overlap with the FAQ postings to the
- comp.lang.lisp, comp.lang.prolog, comp.ai.neural-nets, and
- comp.ai.shells newsgroups, so if you don't find what you're looking
- for here, we suggest you try the FAQs for those newsgroups. These FAQs
- should be available by anonymous ftp in subdirectories of
- rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/
- or by sending a mail message to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with subject "help".
-
- The Lisp FAQ is also available by anonymous ftp from the same ftp
- location as the AI FAQ and from ftp.think.com:/public/think/lisp/.
- The Expert Systems Shells FAQ is also available by anonymous ftp from
- the same ftp location as the AI FAQ.
-
- Information about Prolog may be obtained from two sources: The Prolog
- FAQ, which is posted twice a month to the newsgroup comp.lang.prolog
- by Jamie Andrews <jamie@cs.sfu.ca>, and the Prolog Resource Guide,
- which is posted to the newsgroup comp.lang.prolog once a month, and is
- available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/pubs/faqs/prolog/ [128.2.206.173]
- or in the AFS directory
- /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ai-repository/ai/pubs/faqs/prolog/
- as the files prg_1.faq and prg_2.faq.
-
- The Robotics FAQ is available by anonymous ftp from
- ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/nivek/robotics-faq/ [128.2.206.173]
- as the files part1 and part2. To obtain a copy by email, send a message to
- mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu containing the following lines:
- send usenet/news.answers/robotics-faq/part1
- send usenet/news.answers/robotics-faq/part2
- On UUCP, it is available at
- uunet!/archive/usenet/news.answers/robotics-faq/
- as the files part1.Z and part2.Z, or by ftp from
- ftp.uu.net:/archive/usenet/news.answers/robotics-faq/ [137.39.1.9]
-
- Information about object-oriented programming can be obtained in the
- newsgroups comp.object, comp.lang.clos, and comp.lang.smalltalk.
- Information about object-oriented databases can be obtained in the
- survey compiled by Stewart Clamen, which may be found either in the
- comp.object FAQ posting or in
- byron.sp.cs.cmu.edu:/usr/anon/clamen/evolution-summary
-
- The Neurosciences Internet Resource Guide is available by
- anonymous ftp from
- una.hh.lib.umich.edu:/inetdirsstacks/neurosci:cormbonario
- and by WWW from
- gopher://una.hh.lib.umich.edu/00/inetdirsstacks/neurosci:cormbonario
- in text (ascii) form. A hypertext version of the guide suitable for
- viewing using Mosaic is available from
- http://http2.sils.umich.edu/Public/nirg/nirg1.html
- For more information, contact Steve Bonario and Sheryl Cormicle
- <nirg@umich.edu>.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-1] History of AI?
-
- For an online timeline of artificial intelligence milestones, see
- ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/pubs/faqs/ai/timeline.txt
-
- The appendix to Ray Kurzweil's book "Intelligent Machines" (MIT Press,
- 1990, ISBN 0-262-11121-7, $39.95) gives a timeline of the history of AI.
-
- Pamela McCorduck, "Machines Who Think", Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1979.
-
- Allen Newell, "Intellectual Issues in the History of Artificial
- Intelligence", Technical Report CMU-CS-82-142, Carnegie Mellon
- University Computer Science Department, October 28, 1982.
-
- See also:
-
- Charniak and McDermott's book "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence",
- Addison-Wesley, 1985 contains a number of historical pointers.
-
- Daniel Crevier, "AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for
- Artificial Intelligence", Basic Books, New York, 1993.
-
- Henry C. Mishkoff, "Understanding Artificial Intelligence", 1st edition,
- Howard W. Sams & Co., Indianapolis, IN, 1985, 258 pages,
- ISBN 0-67227-021-8 $14.95.
-
- Margaret A. Boden, "Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man", 2nd edition,
- Basic Books, New York, 1987, 576 pages.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-2] Glossary of AI terms.
-
- This is the start of a simple glossary of short definitions for AI terminology.
-
- Strong AI:
- Claim that computers can be made to actually think, just like human
- beings do. More precisely, the claim that there exists a class of
- computer programs, such that any implementation of such a program is
- really thinking.
-
- Weak AI:
- Claim that computers are important tools in the modeling and
- simulation of human activity.
-
- Case-based Reasoning:
- Technique whereby "cases" similar to the current problem are
- retrieved and their "solutions" modified to work on the current
- problem.
-
- Nonlinear Planning:
- A planning paradigm which does not enforce a total (linear)
- ordering on the components of a plan.
-
- Admissibility:
- An admissible search algorithm is one that is guaranteed to
- find an optimal path from the start node to a goal node, if
- one exists. In A* search, an admissible heuristic is one that never
- overestimates the distance remaining from the current node to
- the goal.
-
- Fuzzy Logic:
- In Fuzzy Logic, truth values are real values in the closed
- interval [0..1]. The definitions of the boolean operators are
- extended to fit this continuous domain. By avoiding discrete
- truth-values, Fuzzy Logic avoids some of the problems inherent in
- either-or judgments and yields natural interpretations of utterances
- like "very hot". Fuzzy Logic has applications in control theory.
-
- Verification:
- The process of confirming that an implemented model works as intended.
-
- Validation:
- The process of confirming that one's model uses measureable inputs
- and produces output that can be used to make decisions about the
- real world.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-3] What are the top schools in AI?
-
- The answer to this question is not intended to be a ranking and should
- not be interpreted as such. There are several major problems with
- ratings like the Gourman Report and the US News and World Report. Such
- rankings are often unsubstantiated and anecdotal, their accuracy is
- questionable, and they do not focus on the subfields of an area. When
- selecting a graduate school, students should look for schools which
- not only have excellent programs in their general area of research
- but also at least one faculty member whose research interests mesh
- well with the student's. Accordingly, we've broken down this list
- according to topic, and sorted the schools within each topic in
- ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
-
- For a school to be added to a topic area, there should at least two
- faculty actively conducting research in that area and the school
- should have a "good" reputation in that area. Exceptions are made for
- schools which only have one faculty member in the area, but that
- professor is a "leader" of the area, or for fields where the total
- number of people working in the area is small in the first place. The
- general idea behind these criteria is to ensure that a school has
- enough activity in the area that a student who considers one of these
- schools won't be disappointed if one of the faculty in that area is on
- sabbatical or isn't taking students. Note that the research need not
- be conducted in the school's computer science department for the
- school to be listed -- in some cases we've included schools where the
- research is being conducted in a different department or special laboratory.
-
- The best way for students to discover which schools are good in a
- field is to ask professors (and graduate students) in their
- undergraduate school for suggestions on where to apply. Reading the
- research journals in the field is another good method (see part 3 of
- the FAQ).
-
- A genealogy of AI thesis-advising relationships is available by
- anonymous ftp as
- cs.ucsd.edu:/pub/rik/aigen.rpt
- Although intended to complement citation analysis and free-text
- information retrieval as tools for understanding the AI community and
- their connections to other disciplines, it may be useful to
- prospective graduate students. For example, it may help you understand
- the historical context of a given professor's perspective. 2,600 MS
- and PhD theses have been tabulated so far. If you'd like to
- contribute additional listings (including year, title, abstract,
- school, advisor, committee members, and subsequent employment), write
- to Rik Belew <rik@cs.ucsd.edu> or fax 619-534-7029, for the
- questionnaire. A copy of the questionaire and more information is
- available in
- cs.ucsd.edu:/pub/rik/announce.t
-
- A list of email addresses for CS departments is posted once a month to
- the newsgroup soc.college.gradinfo.
-
- The Association for Computational Linguistics publishes a directory of
- graduate programs in Computational Linguistics ($15 for members, $30
- for others). It includes several useful indices (e.g., index of
- faculty and a list of references). Contact Association for
- Computational Linguistics, Walker, C. N. 925, Bernardsville, NJ
- 07924-0925, phone/fax 908-204-1337, or send email to acl@bellcore.com.
-
- NOTE THAT THIS LIST IS PRELIMINARY AND BY NO MEANS COMPLETE.
-
- Please feel free to suggest schools that are particularly strong in
- any of these areas, or to suggest new areas to be listed.
-
- Schools with excellent programs in most fields:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- MIT
- Stanford
-
- Georgia Tech
- Imperial College
- Indiana
- Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS)
- Maryland
- Rutgers
- SUNY/Buffalo
- Toronto
- UC/Berkeley
- UCLA
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Michigan
- Univ. of Pennsylvania
- Univ. of Pittsburgh
- Univ. of Rochester
- Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
- Univ. of Texas/Austin
- Yale
-
- Universities with 2 or more AAAI Fellows:
-
- Note: Some Fellows have changed their affiliation since being named,
- so this list isn't completely accurate.
-
- 12 MIT
- 11 Stanford University
- 10 Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- 6 Univ. of Massachusetts
- 5 Univ. of Toronto
- 5 Univ. of Texas at Austin
- 5 Univ. of Pennsylvania
- 5 Rutgers
- 3 Northwestern
- 3 UCLA
- 3 Univ. of Edinburgh
- 3 Univ. of Illinois
- 3 Univ. of Maryland
- 3 Univ. of Southern California (USC)
- 3 USC/Information Sciences Institute
- 2 Brown University
- 2 Duke University
- 2 Harvard
- 2 Univ. of California, Berkeley
- 2 Univ. of Pittsburgh
- 2 Univ. of Rochester
- 2 Univ. of Sydney
-
- Universities with only one AAAI Fellow include: Columbia University,
- George Mason, Georgia Tech, Imperial College, New Mexico State, Ohio
- State, Oregon State University, Oxford, P. and M. Curie University,
- SUNY/Binghamton, SUNY/Buffalo, Saint Joseph, San Jose State, Syracuse,
- Tufts, UC Irvine, UC/Santa Cruz, UCSD, Univ. of Birmingham, Univ. of
- British Columbia, Univ. of Cambridge, Univ. of Linkoeping, Univ. of
- Marseille, Univ. of Minnesota, Univ. of Sussex, Wellesley, Yale
-
- The full list of AAAI Fellows and their affiliations is available
- by anonymous ftp as
- ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/pubs/faqs/ai/aifellow.txt
-
- AI and Manufacturing:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) -- CIMDS
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Toronto
-
- AI and Medicine:
- MIT
- Stanford
- Univ. of Pittsburgh
-
- AI and Legal Reasoning:
- Imperial College
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
-
- Artificial Life:
- Santa Fe Institute (SFI)
- UCLA
- Univ. of Delaware
- MIT (Brooks' mobots)
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
-
- Automated Deduction/Theorem Proving:
- Imperial College
- Stanford
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Oregon
- Univ. of Texas/Austin
-
- Case-Based Reasoning/Analogical Reasoning:
- Chicago
- Georgia Tech
- Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS)
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Pittsburgh
-
- Cognitive Modelling:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Georgia Tech
- Indiana
- SUNY Buffalo
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Michigan
-
- Cognitive Science:
- Brown University
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Georgia Tech
- Indiana University/Bloomington
- Johns Hopkins
- MIT
- Princeton
- Rutgers
- SUNY/Buffalo
- Stanford
- UC/Berkeley
- UC/San Diego
- Univ. of Colorado/Boulder
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Minnesota
- Univ. of Pennsylvania
- Univ. of Rochester
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
-
- Connectionism/Neural Networks:
- Boston University, Cognitive and Neural Systems Department (ART networks)
- Brown University
- CalTech
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Indiana
- MIT
- Ohio State Univ.
- Stanford
- Syracuse University
- Texas A&M
- Toronto
- UC/Berkeley
- UC/Irvine
- UC/San Diego
- UCLA
- UNC/Chapel Hill
- Univ. of Colorado/Boulder
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Helsinki
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Pennsylvania
- Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
- Univ. of Wisconsin
-
- Decision Theory and AI:
- Berkeley
- MIT
- Stanford
- Univ. of Michigan
- Univ. of Washington
-
- Distributed AI:
- Georgia Institute Of Technology
- MIT
- Nova Southeastern University
- Stanford University
- Univ. of Maryland
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Michigan
-
- Emotion:
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS)
-
- Fuzzy Logic:
- Berkeley
-
- Genetic Algorithms:
- George Mason Univ.
- Indiana
- Stanford (Koza)
- UC San Diego
- UCLA
- Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
- Univ. of Michigan
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
-
- Integrated AI Architectures:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Stanford
- Univ. of Michigan
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
-
- Intelligent Tutoring, AI & Education:
- Carnegie Mellon University (Cognitive Science Department)
- Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
- Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS)
- Univ. of Pittsburgh
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
-
- Knowledge Representation:
- Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS)
- Stanford
- SUNY/Buffalo
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Oregon
-
- Logic Programming and Logic-based AI:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Imperial College
- Stanford
- UCLA
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Melbourne
- Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
- Univ. of Oregon
- Univ. of Pennsylvania
-
- Machine Discovery:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
-
- Machine Learning:
- Brown University
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- George Mason
- Georgia Tech
- Johns Hopkins
- MIT
- UCI
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Michigan
- Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
- Univ. of Texas/Austin
- Univ. of Wisconsin
-
- Natural Language Processing (NLU, NLG, Parsing, NLI, Speech):
- Brown
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Columbia
- Georgia Tech
- Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
- Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University (ILS)
- ISI
- Indiana
- MIT
- Penn
- Rutgers
- Stanford
- SUNY/Buffalo
- Toronto
- UCLA
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Pittsburgh
- Univ. of Rochester
- Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
- Waterloo (stylistics, MT, discourse)
-
- Nonmonotonic Reasoning:
- Imperial College
- Stanford
- UCLA
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Oregon
- Toronto
-
- Philosophy of AI:
- Berkeley
- MIT
- SUNY Buffalo
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
-
- Planning:
- Brown University
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Imperial College
- MIT
- Stanford
- SUNY Buffalo
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Oregon
- Univ. of Pittsburgh
- Univ. of Rochester
- Univ. of Washington/Seattle
- Waterloo
-
- Production Systems/Expert Systems:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
- Stanford
-
- Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning:
- Northwestern ILS (Forbus)
- Univ. of Oregon
- Univ. of Texas/Austin
- Univ. of Washington
-
- Reasoning Under Uncertainty (Probabilistic Reasoning, Approximate
- Reasoning, etc.):
- Brown University
- George Mason
- Oregon State University
- Stanford
- UCLA
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Rochester
- University of South Carolina
-
- Robotics:
- Bristol Polytechnic, UK
- Brown
- California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Georgia Tech
- Harvard
- Hull University, UK
- MIT
- Naval Postgraduate School
- New York University (NYU) Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
- North Carolina State Univerisity/Raleigh (NCSU)
- Oxford
- Purdue
- Reading University, UK
- Rennsalear Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
- Salford University, UK
- Stanford
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- UC/Berkeley
- Univ. of Alberta
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Kansas
- Univ. of Kentucky
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Michigan
- Univ. of Paris INRIA
- Univ. of Pennsylvania
- Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
- Univ. of Utah
- Univ. of Wisconsin
- Yale
-
- Search:
- UCLA
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Oregon
-
- Temporal Reasoning:
- Imperial College
-
- Virtual Reality:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Cal Arts
- Columbia
- Florida Institute of Technology
- MIT Media Lab
- Naval Postgraduate School
- Naval Research Lab
- RPI
- Stanford
- Syracuse
- Toronto
- UIUC
- Univ. of Alberta, Banff
- Univ. of Central Florida
- Univ. of Geneva
- Univ. of North Carolina/Chapel Hill (UNC)
- Univ. of Tokyo
- Univ. of Virginia (UVA)
- Univ. of Washington/Seattle -- HIT Lab
-
- Vision:
- Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Columbia
- Johns Hopkins
- MIT
- Oxford
- SUNY/Buffalo
- UCLA
- Univ. of Edinburgh
- Univ. of Maryland/College Park
- Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
- Univ. of Rochester
- Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
- Univ. of Sussex, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences
- Univ. of Wisconsin
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-4] How can I get the email address for Joe or Jill Researcher?
-
- The AAAI membership directory is updated annually and contains
- addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses for many members of AAAI
- and other AI societies. Contact info@aaai.org for information on
- getting a copy of the directory (you should get a free copy if you are
- a member of one of the listed societies).
-
- See also the Email Address FAQ posting to the newsgroups soc.college
- and soc.net-people.
-
- The Artificial Intelligence and Molecular Biology Researchers database
- contains names, institutions, addresses, phone, fax, email,
- research interests and other related information about more than 200
- researchers worldwide. The database is available via anonymous ftp from the
- lhc.nlm.nih.gov:/pub/aimb-db/
- There are computer- and human-readable versions available. Get the
- README file for more information or send email to Larry Hunter,
- <hunter@nlm.nih.gov>.
-
- E-mail addresses for members of the Linguistics Society of America
- (LSA) are available by anonymous ftp as
- linguistics.archive.umich.edu:/linguistics/LSA.email.list
- or by sending a message to listserv@tamvm1.tamu.edu with
- "get lsa lst linguist" in the message body.
-
- A list of "Who's Who in Fuzzy Logic" may be obtained by sending a
- message to listserver@vexpert.dbai.tuwien.ac.at with
- GET LISTSERVER WHOISWHOINFUZZY
- in the message body. New entries and corrections should be sent to
- Robert Fuller <rfuller@finabo.abo.fi>.
-
- WHO's On-Line is a WWW biographical database of folks on the internet.
- http://www.ictp.trieste.it/Canessa/ENTRIES/entries.html
- For more information, contact E. Canessa <canessae@ictp.trieste.it>.
-
- The Association for Logic Program (ALP) membership list was published
- in the February 1994 issue of the newsletter (Volume 7/1). It will be
- made available by anonymous ftp from Imperial College in October 1994.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-5] What are the rules for the game of "Life"?
-
- Cellular Automata, of which Life is an example, were suggested by
- Stanislaw Ulam in the 1940s, and first formalized by von Neumann.
- Conway's "Game of Life" was popularized in Martin Gardner's
- mathematical games column in the October 1970 and February 1971 issues
- of Scientific American. (Shorter notes on life are alse given in the
- column in each month from October 1970 to April 1971, and well as
- November 1971, January 1972, and December 1972.) There's also quite a
- bit on the game in "The Recursive Universe", by William Poundstone,
- Oxford University Press, 1987, 252 pages.
-
- The rules for the game of life are quite simple. The game board is a
- rectangular cell array, with each cell either empty or filled. At each
- tick of the clock, we generate the next generation by the following rules:
-
- if a cell is empty, fill it if 3 of its neighbors are filled
- (otherwise leave it empty)
-
- if a cell is filled, it
- dies of loneliness if it has 1 or fewer neighbors
- continues to live if it has 2 or 3 neighbors
- dies of overcrowding if it has more than 3 neighbors
-
- Neighbors include the cells on the diagonals. Some implementations use
- a torus-based array (edges joined top-to-bottom and left-to-right) for
- computing neighbors.
-
- For example, a row of 3 filled cells will become a column of 3 filled
- cells in the next generation. The R pentomino is an interesting
- pattern:
- xx
- xx
- x
- Try it with other patterns of 5 cells initially occupied. If you
- record the ages of cells, and map the ages to colors, you can get a
- variety of beautiful images.
-
- When implementing Life, be sure to maintain separate arrays for the
- old and new generation. Updating the array in place will not work
- correctly. Another optimization to to maintain a list of the cells
- that changed.
-
- Conway has demonstrated that it is possible to construct the basic
- building blocks of a computer from Life using modified glider guns.
- See the last chapter of
- Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy, "Winning
- Ways", Academic Press, New York, 1982, ISBN 0-120911-507.
- for details.
-
- Some interesting patterns to use include:
-
- *
- * * ** * *
- ** * ** * * * *
- ** *** * * ****
- * **** *** *** * *
- * ** *
- Clock Glider Block Spaceship * * *
- * ****
- *
- Traffic Light Cheshire Cat
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-6] What AI competitions exist?
-
- The Loebner Prize, based on a fund of over $100,000 established by New
- York businessman Hugh G. Loebner, is awarded annually for the computer
- program that best emulates natural human behavior. During the
- contest, a panel of independent judges attempts to determine whether
- the responses on a computer terminal are being produced by a computer
- or a person, along the lines of the Turing Test. The designers of the
- best program each year win a cash award and a medal. If a program
- passes the test in all its particulars, then the entire fund will be
- paid to the program's designer and the fund abolished. For further
- information about the Loebner Prize, write Dr. Robert Epstein,
- Executive Director, Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies, 11
- Waterhouse Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, or call 617-491-9020.
-
- The BEAM Robot Olympics is a robot exhibition/competition started in
- 1991. For more information about the competition, write to BEAM Robot
- Olympics, c/o: Mark W. Tilden, MFCF, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
- Canada, N2L-3G1, 519-885-1211 x2454, mwtilden@watmath.uwaterloo.ca.
-
- The Gordon Bell Prize competition recognizes outstanding achievements
- in the application of parallel processing to practical scientific and
- engineering problems. Entries are considered in performance,
- price/performance, compiler parallelization and speedup categories,
- and a total of $3,000 will be awarded. The prizes are sponsored by
- Gordon Bell, a former National Science Foundation division director
- who is now an independent consultant. Contestants should send a
- three- or four-page executive summary to 1993 Gordon Bell Prize,
- c/o Marilyn Potes, IEEE Computer Society, 10662 Los Vaqueros Cir.,
- PO Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA 90720-1264, before May 31, 1993.
-
- AAAI has an annual robot building competition. The anonymous FTP site
- for the contest is/was
- aeneas.mit.edu:/pub/ACS/6.270/AAAI/
- This site has the manual and the rules. To be added to the
- rbl-94@ai.mit.edu mailing list for discussing the AAAI robot building
- contest, send mail to rbl-94-request@ai.mit.edu. See also the 6.270
- robot building guide in part 4 of this FAQ.
-
- The International Computer Chess Association presents an annual prize
- for the best computer-generated annotation of a chess game. The output
- should be reminiscent of that appearing in newspaper chess columns,
- and will be judged on both the correctness and depth of the variations
- and also on the quality of the program's written output. The deadline
- is December 31, 1994. For more information, write to Tony Marsland
- <tony@cs.ualberta.ca>, ICCA President, Computing Science Department,
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H1, call 403-492-3971, or
- fax 403-492-1071.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-7] Commercial AI products.
-
- Commercial Expert System Shells are listed in the Expert System Shells FAQ.
-
- See the Robotics FAQ for information on Robotics manufacturers.
-
- Stiquito is a small (3cm H x 7cm W x 6cm L), simple (32 parts) and
- inexpensive (< $30) nitinol-propelled hexapod robot developed at the
- Indiana University (Bloomington) Robotics Laboratory. Its legs are
- propelled by nitnol actuator wires. Each leg has one degree of freedom.
- The robot walks up to 10 centimeters per minute and can carry a 9-volt
- cell, a MOSIS "tiny chip" and power transistors to drive the nitinol
- actuator wires. Nitinol wire (aka BioMetal, Flexinol), is a nickel-titanium
- alloy which exerts useful force as it is heated by passing a current
- through it. IUCS Technical Report 363a describes Stiquito's construction
- and is available by anonymous ftp from
- cs.indiana.edu:/pub/stiquito/ [129.79.254.191]
- as are many other related files. The tech report is also
- available by US mail for $5 (checks or money orders should be made payable
- to "Indiana University") from Computer Science Department, Attn: TR 363a
- 215, Lindley Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405. A kit
- containing all the materials needed to construct a simple version of
- Stiquito and its controller is available for an extra $10 from the above
- address (use attn line "Stiquito Kit"). To receive a video showing the
- assembly of Stiquito, include an additional $10 and add "Video" to the
- "Attn:" line. Anyone may build and use Stiquitos in any quantity for
- educational or research purposes, but Indiana University reserves all
- rights to commercial applications. Questions about Stiquito should be sent
- to Prof. Jonathan W. Mills <stiquito@cs.indiana.edu>. To join the Stiquito
- mailing list run by Jon Blow of UC/Berkeley, send mail to
- stiquito-request@xcf.berkeley.edu.
-
- Togai InfraLogic, Inc. (TIL) is a supplier of fuzzy logic and fuzzy
- expert system software and hardware. For more information, write to
- Togai InfraLogic, Inc., 5 Vanderbilt, Irvine, CA 92718, call +1 714
- 975 8522, fax +1 714 975 8524, or send email to info@til.com or
- til!info. TIL also supports an email-server that can be reached at
- fuzzy-server@til.com or til!fuzzy-server. Send an email message that
- contains just the word "help" in either the subject line or the
- message body for more information. A list of products can be obtained
- by sending a message that contains only the line "send products.txt"
- to the email-server. For an index of the contents of the server, send
- a message with the line "send index".
-
- The following is from Risks Digest 13.83 -- I have no idea what the software
- does, but Colby did head up the PARRY project:
-
- FEELING HELPLESS ABOUT DEPRESSION? Overcoming Depression 2.0 provides
- computer based cognitive therapy for depression with therapeutic
- dialogue in everyday language. Created by Kenneth Mark Colby, M.D.,
- Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, Emeritus, UCLA.
- Personal Version ($199), Professional version ($499). Malibu
- Artificial Intelligence Works, 25307 Malibu Rd, CA 90265.
- 1-800-497-6889.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: [1-8] AI Job Postings
-
- The AI-Jobs mailing list exists to help programmers and researchers
- find AI programming and research positions, and to help companies with
- AI programming and research positions find capable AI programmers and
- researchers.
-
- Material appropriate for the list includes AI job announcements and
- should be sent to ai+ai-jobs@cs.cmu.edu. Resumes should NOT be sent to
- the list.
-
- As a matter of policy, the contents of this mailing list is
- considered confidential and will not be disclosed to anybody.
-
- To subscribe, send a message to ai+query@cs.cmu.edu with
- subscribe ai-jobs <First Name> <Last Name>, <Affiliation/Organization>
- in the message body and no Subject line.
-
- Similar lists exist for post-doctoral fellowships (subscribe to AI-POSTDOC)
- and pre-doctoral fellowships (subscribe to AI-PREDOC).
-
- (If your mailer objects to the "+", send subscription requests to
- "ai+query"@cs.cmu.edu, job announcements to "ai+ai-jobs"@cs.cmu.edu, etc.)
-
- For help on using the query server, send mail to ai+query@cs.cmu.edu with
- help
- in the message body and no Subject line.
-
- If you have any other questions, please send them to ai+@cs.cmu.edu
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
- ;;; *EOF*
-
-